Appendix

Kangxi Imperial Court docket’s Secret Memorials

Within the story ‘The Deer and the Cauldron’, Kangxi was stated to have secret brokers amongst Wei Xiaobao’s subordinates, in order that he knew plenty of Wei Xiaobao’s covert actions. The story within the novel is a bit exaggerated. At first of Qing, the federal government construction was equal to Qing-Ming. The Ming Dynasty’s Jap Faction, Western Faction, Inside Faction, Brocade-clothed Guard, and different particular project army models had been disbanded; the Emperor didn’t have private particular brokers. All the way in which till the demise of Qing, there was no particular intelligence unit. Legend has it that Yongzheng established the ‘Flying Guillotine’, nevertheless it was solely within the novel, there was no historic proof.

Nevertheless, it was a proven fact that Kangxi paid specific consideration to the exercise of his ministers and the situation of the native individuals; for this, the ruler should have had informants. From the start, ever since earlier than Kangxi ascended the throne, the Qing courtroom established ‘secret memorial (to the emperor)’ system. Within the unique system, the imperial courtroom had a so-called ‘Common Secretarial Establishment’. Memorials submitted by unusual officers within the Capital, studies from native officers, every thing should be submitted to the Common Secretary first, after he reviewed it, then it might be transferred to the Emperor. Kangxi thought that this method may result in constriction and leakage of labeled info; due to this fact, he had a minister whom he extraordinarily trusted to evaluation the memorials. Stories now not went by way of the Common Secretary, however had been submitted on to the Emperor. On the duvet of secret studies, the title and surname of the individuals who submitted it was not written clearly, it was solely stamped with ‘Solemnly Submitted to the South Research Room

[43]’. And thus the memorial was personally delivered to the Imperial Research Room and handed over to the courtroom eunuch. After the Emperor gave the official reply, it might be hand-delivered again to the Imperial Research Room.

Afterward, the scope of this method of memorials was prolonged; it was not restricted to trusted minister who may submit secret memorial to the emperor, unusual native governor generals, excessive officers within the Capital, may now submit memorials on to the emperor. By Yongzheng’s years, the availability was prolonged additional to ‘class officers’ (center degree officers), daily one individual would take turns to submit the memorial to the emperor. Massive matter, small matter, every thing should be reported, even when there was nothing to report, they nonetheless needed to clarify why there was nothing to report. With this method, the Emperor’s energy was drastically expanded, whereas on the identical time authorities officers of all ranges didn’t dare to hide something.

Wanting on the memorial submitted throughout Kangxi’s reign, in most half the contents of the memorial had been grain costs in all components of the nation, the rain water, the harvest, public opinion, and whether or not the federal government officers had been simply and sincere or corrupt. It may clearly be seen that Kangxi was most involved concerning the widespread individuals’s financial system and life high quality, in addition to whether or not the officers governing the individuals had been corrupt or not. Naturally he additionally paid specific consideration to rebel or insurgency in anyplace.

On the memorials, Kangxi would write feedback utilizing vermillion ink. More often than not he solely wrote “Famous”, three characters [zhi dao le – lit. “I know.”], however generally he would write detailed directives. From these directives, it’s clear that Kangxi was good and really prudent, whereas on the identical time his remedy towards his ministers and the widespread individuals was very lenient and thoughtful.

Wang Hongxu’s memorials

Wang Hongxu was 9 years older than Kangxi, a local of Huating [county], Jiangsu province. He graduated as a Jinshi in Kangxi’s twelfth 12 months, and have become compiler and editor of Hanlin Academy, the Minister of Division of Transport & Irrigation, Minister of Income, and several other different high-ranking official positions; he was a minister whom Kangxi trusted very a lot. On the memorial that he submitted to Kangxi, he solely wrote ‘Confidential Report. Topic Wang Hongxu solemnly presents.’ He didn’t write his official rank, it was utterly with none well mannered set of phrases often utilized by authorities officers. He took an official submit within the Capital, the key studies he submitted had been largely concerning the state of affairs of Beijing’s authorities officers.

Kangxi dispatched his trusted aides to assemble info, at first he solely despatched high-ranking ministers, however the quantity was extraordinarily restricted, moreover, he repeatedly warned these individuals to maintain it high secret. On the memorial submitted by Wang Hongxu, he personally wrote, “The matter that may be heard within the Capital, Qing [term used by the emperor for his subjects] submitted in confidential report, with the want for good well being within the memorial, should not be recognized by different individuals. If it flows out swiftly (leak out), the repercussion will likely be substantial. Cautious, cautious.”

“Within the years earlier than the tour to the south, there have been many unworthy individuals deceiving Suzhou ladies. Even at house, Zhen [I, imperial use] is aware of. This 12 months I’m afraid such factor will occur once more, thou shall fastidiously examine, if there may be certainly such factor, personally write a memorial secretly. This matter should not be recognized by different individuals. If somebody finds out, thou will likely be inconvenienced.” (Suzhou ladies had been well-known for his or her magnificence; in all probability some individuals had been taking the chance of Kangxi’s tour to the south to carry a magnificence contest and supply it as a tribute, or maybe borrowing their names to cheat Suzhou ladies’s households.)

“If there may be any downside in a while, submit the memorial utilizing the southern tour as precedent. There are quite a few ears and eyes within the Palace, inevitably individuals will know, during which case, don’t submit any memorials.”

“In case you hear any info, deal with it in accordance with the earlier memorial.”

Having acquired the Emperor’s fee, Wang Hongxu completely didn’t dare to leak something. Within the memorial he stated, “By being chosen from among the many students, Chen [minister/subject, term of address used when speaking to a ruler] experiences and receives the sage’s grace, there isn’t a approach I can render service to repay kindness, it doesn’t matter what; for which I’m actually ashamed. Now coming into the palace courtyard on the thirteenth day of the month, miao ke [4

th

earthly branch, 5-7am] hour, respectfully acquired imperial affirmation together with the sealed secret order, by this time Cai and Zha, two ministers haven’t arrived. Appearing with reverence Chen opened it and browse it silently, I can not bear to be extraordinarily grateful and frightened on the identical time. I’ve to confess that Chen was ignorant, and have been ignorant a number of occasions, and thus it’s my accountability to look as much as the Heaven’s kindness, for breaking the rule in appointing the confidential, solely by exhausting myself by being a canine or a horse I vow my energy in loyalty, trying as much as repay the holy sage’s ten-thousand and one kindness. To search out favor and untiring instruction from above, to assume over how Chen someway uncovered some rumor, the accountability is certainly too nice, all of the extra Chen appears like weeping, ceaselessly strictly abide by this second, 3 times sealing my mouth, even towards my very own flesh and blood like father, son or brothers, I can even by no means inform, I’ll make doubly certain to look as much as the monarch’s will in understanding your concept. To any extent further, any affair that I hear within the Capital, at any time Chen will respectfully request the holy sage to transcribe tiny appropriate memorial, a confidential report back to be reviewed. As for confidential matter associated to the imperial decree, it is going to be reported in accompanying memorial. I’ve been instructed.” (Kangxi famous: ‘Sure’.)

For probably the most half, the memorials submitted by Wang Hongxu pertaining to land tax, transportation, cash minting, salt commerce, and different public monetary issues. He was particularly keen on finance and economics affairs; due to this fact, for a very long time afterwards, he served because the Minister of Division of Transport & Irrigation and the Minister of Income. Initially, these finance and economics affairs could also be reported by way of formal memorial to the throne, however since secret memorials had been largely coping with corrupt practices, violations in issues that these authorities officers had vested curiosity in, confidential studies gave the impression to be extra acceptable.

Other than corrupt practices in finance and economics, the character of Wang Hongxu’s secret memorials was extraordinarily intensive. There have been a number of secret memorials associated to ‘The Chen Rubi Case’. This authorized case began when Chen Rubi took three thousand taels bribe, and in a while it developed into an enormous case, ‘The minister political affair, the 9 Ministers’ zhan shi [lit. excellent matters] Ke Dao, and the others visited the Ministry of Justice yamen for a joint listening to.’

Wang Hongxu participated within the joint listening to, and wrote the proceedings intimately in a secret memorial to Kangxi. Amongst different issues he spoke concerning the dispute between Manchurian and Han officers: “… in Chen Rubi’s case, the choice was to have him beheaded, all Manchurian Daren already agreed. Li Zhenyu and Chen stated: convicting with out oral confession, all Daren must deliberate, what phrases Chen Rubi wrote in his letter yesterday. Chen additionally stated: to not conceal something. Manchurian Daren ought to have the officer accountable for this case to come back over and let all Daren take heed to him … Manchurian Daren stated, it has nothing to do, there isn’t a have to get oral confession. Han Daren stated, these 4 characters ‘pretending to be lifeless’ [jia zhuang shen si] must go, the previous muddle-headedness and confusion of yesterday should additionally go. For that reason these 4 characters are deleted. Tu Cuizhong stated: concealing information and the crime of acquiring stolen items usually are not sufficient to warrant beheading. The political affair minister stated: Change it. Thereupon Shu Lu modified it to ‘Execution by hanging’. Ke Dao stated: Nonetheless, we should execute below the San Fa Si’s [three judicial chief ministries in imperial China] supervision. Earlier than the group of Manchurian Daren responded, a messenger from Chen Rubi’s family arrived to ship the oral confession he personally wrote, however Manchurian Daren didn’t settle for it. Li Luyu stated: Beforehand the San Fa Si did not receive Chen Rubi’s private confession, at the moment his circle of relatives got here to ship it, but we don’t need to settle for it. How are we going to cope with it? … This confession truly accommodates only a few phrases in comparison with what Shu Lu truly wrote … For the interrogating officer to vary confession or make up confession, it has at all times been a criminal offense deserving disciplinary motion, the regulation about that is very critical … All Manchurian Daren are afraid to draw blame, they had been unwilling to talk up. The political affair minister has no alternative however to take heed to Shu Lu’s ruling …”

Kangxi remarked, “This memorial is superb, it profoundly adheres to high-ranking minister’s type. Zhen understood.”

The principal content material of the memorial was to say that ‘Manchurian Daren’ accused wrongly the defendant’s circumstances, whereas the ‘Han Daren’ did every thing of their energy to exonerate him. How this case was subsequently closed is unclear, it’s believed that Kangxi was being comparatively lenient in his ruling. It is value noting that though Manchu officers historically held extra energy within the imperial courtroom, but Kangxi didn’t aspect with Manchu officers in any respect. On the identical time it’s value seeing that deciding on demise penalty at the moment was a really critical enterprise, that it couldn’t be determined based mostly on one high-ranking minister’s phrases.

Often there are some trivial issues in Wang Hongxu’s secret memorials; studying it at the moment, it’s fairly fascinating: There’s a prolonged report concerning the transportation [orig. ‘horse’] affair, the final paragraph says, “… Li Xiu, Yin Debu, two individuals, I do not know who informed them this, however they stated that on the surface Your Majesty says that they’re large gangsters; Li Xiu and Yin Debu panicked and stated different issues. Afterwards Chen clarify in a secret memorial, and beg Your Majesty to maintain it in sealed envelope, and put imperial seal on it, to protect towards individuals take a peek and disclose it to create hurt …” (Kangxi remarked: Famous.)

After which there’s a prolonged confidential report about whether or not the Chief Examiner, the Deputy Chief Examiner have dedicated fraud. The final paragraph says, “A sure Tune Yunxi, younger son of Tune Luo, a profitable candidate within the imperial provincial examination, went to capital to take the metropolitan examination on the twenty-first day of the eleventh month. He informed individuals: all these years his father has dizziness that often flare-out solely as soon as in an extended whereas, however this 12 months he had a dizzy spell within the army as soon as, after which when he went to Yangzhou he acquired one other one, which had been a bit extra tense in comparison with the earlier ones; happily after it passes, he’s nonetheless in a position to work. This report asks for brand new grace, sooner or later when he requires approval he would come to the Capital to elucidate different issues …” (Kangxi remarked: Famous.)

Tune Luo was initially the inspector-general of Jiangning (district, Nanjing, Jiangsu), the brand new appointment was the Shangshu [department head] of the Ministry of Appointments. He was very succesful. Kangxi cared about his well being.

There was a secret memorial reporting a authorities official who was responsible and was banished to a military submit as a punishment, the guards who escorted him extorted cash from him, ten taels of silver per individual. The federal government official didn’t need to give, however raining insult on them as an alternative. One evening the official was all of a sudden tied up, all cash in his possession was taken away. That is an insignificant matter, but Wang Hongxu reported it simply the identical.

Li Xu’s memorials

Li Xu was Kangxi’s trusted aide, he held the official submit because the supervisor of weaving trade in Suzhou for thirty years. Li Xu’s brother-in-law [lit. younger sister’s husband] Cao Yin was the supervisor of weaving trade in Jiangning for greater than twenty years. Cao Yin was the paternal grandfather of Cao Xueqin, the writer of ‘A Dream of Purple Mansions’. Li Xu, Cao Yin, in addition to the supervisor of weaving trade in Hangzhou Solar Wencheng, three individuals consistently offered secret memorials to Kangxi, reporting concerning the state of affairs in Jiangnan. For the big half, the studies pertaining to rain water, harvest, the value of rice, epidemic, the state of affairs of the individuals, the repute of the federal government officers, et cetera. At the moment there was no newspaper, Kangxi’s essential supply of details about the precise state of affairs in all components of the nation was these memorials to the throne.

In the summertime of Kangxi’s thirty-second 12 months there was drought at Huai and Xu rivers in Jiangnan, with rainfall within the sixth month, Li Xu reported the harvest and the value of rice. Kangxi famous: “I heard the solar rose erroneously south of Huai and Xu rivers within the fifth month, the summer time did not arrived on the appointed time, the individuals are flustered and in panic, particularly within the two Zhejiang. Morning and evening Zhen anxiously contemplate this matter, my mendacity down and consuming are disturbed, but within the go to to the south, should ask for particulars, listening to thy memorials, the evening and night’s toil is lessened. After the harvest, write extra memorials.”

Forty-seventh 12 months, nineteenth day of the primary month, Li Xu despatched a memorial like this: “Respectfully want the Ten-thousand 12 months ten thousand of peace. Early twelfth month, on the seventh day, final 12 months, humble official acquired wind of the theft case in Taicang [county, Suzhou, Jiangsu], whereas dispatching individuals to analyze, I promptly write a report, along with non-jointed bamboo strips, and ship Wang Kecheng of my family to current it to superior. At present is the seventeenth day of the primary month, Wang Kecheng returned and said, ‘All of the non-jointed bamboo strip memorials have been submitted, folded report [usually in accordion form] haven’t been issued.’ Listening to this, Chen Li Xu panicked. Considering that every one the folded studies have been imperially distributed, that’s, in the event that they have not acquired feedback from superior, the unique report should have been issued. studying that they haven’t been issued at the moment, Chen’s coronary heart is extraordinarily bewildered. Repeatedly extracting info rigorously, solely realized about this: ‘The folded report was hidden contained in the pouch, within the hastening on the journey all evening, the fastening was not tight, the pouch was misplaced alongside the way in which to Dezhou, nowhere to be discovered. As a result of the bamboo strips are essential, didn’t dare to delay, Xiaode [the lowly one] went to the Capital, hazily delivered the bamboo strips, muddle headedly stated there isn’t a folded report. That is the reality.’ And different related confessions. Accordingly Chen Li Xu had Wang Kecheng severely locked up and flogged, whereas ready for the imperial decree on tips on how to cope with him. But Chen is unable to make use of individuals appropriately, to such an extent as to commit errors. Alarmed, frightened, scared; this guilt is basically can’t be dismissed, asking the Ten-thousand 12 months to promptly bestow punishment. Hereby the unique report is re-transcribed and submitted, begging the Holy Sage to evaluation. Ready for the blame Chen Li Xu can not bear to tremble extraordinarily.”

Kangxi remarked in vermillion ink: “Thy memorial was not more than secret report that can not be related to the native officers. Be lenient with thy family individual. If outsiders hear about it, it might not be too good.”

It’s value noting that it was not a lot as Kangxi’s clemency; reasonably, it was his elementary angle: the Emperor despatched individuals out to make secret inquiry and acquired secret memorial was a dishonorable matter, a disreputable matter, not an upright and frank work, not a simply and honorable technique to deal with issues, that it doesn’t matter what no outsiders had been to seek out out. In replying formally to the key memorials despatched by his subordinates, Kangxi has by no means used different individuals’s hand. There was one time when his proper hand was damage and he couldn’t write, with problem he replied formally along with his left hand. In at the moment’s world, the ruler of each nation dispatches spies and inquires secret studies for personal causes, but the general public accepts it as the way in which it ought to be, though it might be stated that it’s politically a fantastic fall. This sort of system of values towards the ‘particular process operatives’ was maybe a transparent dividing line between the Qing and Ming political corruptness. Wu Zetian [624-705, Tang empress, reigned 690-705] used particular brokers excessively, Qin Hui [1090-1155, Song Dynasty official who betrayed Yue Fei] used plenty of particular brokers, throughout the late Ming, particular brokers went on the rampage; later generations largely consider that it led to downward spiral of the Ming Dynasty’s political system. In an effort to improve the antipathy towards Emperor Yongzheng, later technology individuals fabricated a legend that he had used the ‘flying guillotine’, a particular murderer workforce to kill individuals.

Kangxi’s forty-eighth 12 months, sixth day of the seventh month, in his report back to want good well being, Li Xu additionally included the information of Jiangnan’s Tidu [local commander] Zhang Yunyi’s demise as a consequence of illness. To want good well being to the Emperor means ‘to want the Lord of Ten-thousand Years good luck and success, ten thousand good fortunes and peace like gold’, wishing nice luck, nice revenue is a correct factor to do, the information of demise should be reported in separate memorial, actually these two can’t be combined collectively, in any other case, it might implicitly cursing the Emperor to die. Li Xu’s memorial has violated the elemental taboo, it was an especially muddleheaded report.

Within the memorial he stated, “Respectfully wishing the Ten-thousand Years ten-thousand of peace. The Tidu over the army affairs of the entire province of Jiangnan, topic Zhang Yunyi, fell in poor health on Kangxi’s forty-eighth 12 months, eighteenth day of the sixth month, with carbuncle on his decrease again. He didn’t get better and died on the ‘si’ hour [9-11am] of third day of the seventh month, on the age of fifty-eight; it’s included right here in your info. The climate in Suzhou throughout the sixth month can also be included within the report, begging the Holy Sage to evaluation.”

Seeing this drastically ominous memorial, naturally Kangxi was drastically displeased, however his reprimand to him nonetheless carried a humorous tone. He wrote in vermillion ink, “Report of wishing good well being should not be combined along with this type of matter, this can be very irreverent. Thou knew a number of foul phrases, I’m wondering which one I ought to use?”

Seeing the imperial comment, naturally Li Xu was scared that his soul flew away and scattered; swiftly he wrote one other memorial to apologize for the offense, whereas totally confessed his guilt. Kangxi remarked, “Famous.”

Kangxi’s fifty-first 12 months, seventh month, weaving supervisor of Jiangning, Cao Yin (Cao Xueqin’s grandfather) acquired order to go to Yangzhou to handle the engraving of the ‘Pei Wen Yun Fu’ [lit. government mansion of ‘respectful cultural charm’] when he caught malaria and his situation was very critical. Li Xu promptly went to go to him, Cao Yin requested him to put in writing a memorial, asking for some medication from Kangxi.

As quickly as Kangxi acquired the memorial, he replied in vermillion ink, “Thy memorial has been acquired effectively. I hereby bestow the drugs to deal with malaria. Afraid that it might be delayed, I bestow submit horse to hurry in a single day. But if the malaria doesn’t flip into diarrhea, it will not be unhealthy. If the sickness modifications, this medication should not be used. The charlatans of the south usually use a dose of this medication, the variety of individuals they hurt can’t be counted, you should be cautious. If Cao Yin initially ate ginseng, he could caught current sickness from the ginseng. Jinjina (that’s ‘quinine’, the unique textual content used Manchurian script) is used particularly for the remedy of malaria. Use two qian [1 qian = 1/10 of a tael], that is it. After which take a dose of wine. If the sickness is getting considerably lighter, take one other dose; it ought to management the illness. After it’s below management, take maybe one qian or eight fen. Take two doses in succession, could even take the roots. If it’s not malaria, this medication should not be taken; you should take this severely. Pressing, pressing, pressing, pressing!”

Kangxi wrote 4 ‘pressing’ phrases in succession, he additionally dispatched submit horses to expressly ship the drugs to Yangzhou, in order that it arrived in 9 days; it may possibly clearly be seen that he cherished and very involved about Cao Yin. Quinine was the proper medication to be prescribed to treatment malaria; nevertheless, it’s doable that Cao Yin had different issues that ultimately he succumbed to the sickness and died. Kangxi deeply lamented his passing, he ordered Li Xu to correctly take take care of the household Cao Yin left behind.

In his memorials, Li Xu additionally talked loads concerning the experiments in new type of rice. Kangxi hooked up nice significance to the standard of rice. After rising crops on a trial foundation in lots of different methods, they managed to breed an excellent selection, after which they despatched the seeds to varied areas for the federal government officers and members of the gentry to do the take a look at planting. Li Xu then offered the memorials reporting the progress of the take a look at planting, official so-and-so planted what number of mu [unit area, approx. 1/15 of a hectare], every mu produced what number of dan [unit volume, approx. 100 liters] what number of dou [1/10 of a dan]; service provider so-and-so grew what number of mu, every mu yielded what number of dan, what number of dou, and so forth. Take the memorial submitted on Kangxi’s fifty-eighth 12 months, the twenty-forth day of the sixth month for instance: “Your humble servant has planted imperial paddy 100 mu, and gathered within the crops on the fifteenth of the sixth month. Every mu obtains roughly 4 dan two dou three sheng [1/10 of a dou], respectfully milled one dou of the brand new rice to be offered. The unique subject was put so as at once, by the twenty-third day of the sixth month the second seedling has been planted. As for the imperial paddy planted by Suzhou’s squires, all have additionally been harvested. The breakdown of the harvest instead of the unique, the breakdown of the brand new crops, is respectfully submitted for imperial evaluation.” It may clearly be seen that Li Xu was nonetheless chargeable for the duty of ‘planting imperial paddy on experimental fields’.

Kangxi assigned this ‘imperial paddy’ test-planting process to authorities officers, members of the gentry, and enterprise individuals in numerous areas of the nation, every individual planted at the very least two, three mu of subject. Li Xu planted 100 mu, he had the most important experimental farm. At the moment the crop was referred to as ‘imperial park’s rouge rice’, the colour was purple and it was candy smelling; made into rice porridge it seemed pleasing to the attention. Within the ‘Dream of Purple Mansions’, the reward offered by the village head Wu to the Jia Mansion was exactly this type of rice.

Throughout his tour to the south, Kangxi noticed that the individuals loaded the boats stuffed with pig’s hair and rooster feather. Upon asking concerning the objective of these issues, he came upon that folks used it as fertilizer in paddy fields. Afterward he issued an imperial decree to carry out experiments; the outcome was excellent. In comparison with later technology who didn’t take note of fertilizer, who didn’t undergo experiments and huge scale testing in satellite tv for pc fields however submitted fraudulent report to hide the reality, Kangxi’s follow in growing paddy was way more scientific.

Li Lincheng’s memorials

Kangxi had appreciable humorousness; even in giving criticism in critical paperwork, he usually used humor.

This man didn’t perceive Kangxi’s character, his memorial contained a large amount of well mannered phrases to sing Kangxi’s praises; regarding native points and state of affairs of rainwater, he solely reported the excellent news and never the unhealthy information. Most likely this man was a army officer of the Han military banner, and he had employed a secretary, who didn’t perceive the customs; he additionally put an official seal on the duvet of his memorial.

Kangxi’s remarked in vermillion ink: “Famous. Subsequent time in your report use Qing character, no want to make use of seal.” ‘Qing character’ was Manchu scribe, Kangxi’s that means was: this type of memorial was a secret report, not a proper doc in any respect; he wished Li Lincheng to put in writing it himself, if he didn’t know Han characters, then he ought to have used Manchu characters.

Upon receiving the imperial criticism, Li Lincheng submitted one other memorial: “… Wanting up solely towards my Emperor who is continuous on to the utmost heaven, having divine martial artwork ability and courageous literary data; though throughout the day the Emperor’s holy physique has ten thousand essential factors, it’s as if there may be not a time when you don’t keep in mind the individuals’s welfare. In former occasions as a result of Hedong [lit. river east; not sure, perhaps his alias?] apologize for ages, since in Holy Sage’s bosom above there are plentiful compassion and particular favor, in reply leniency has been issued, honest benefit lofty ten-thousand ages, virtuous steps 100 rulers, encompassing inside and outdoors of the ocean, not unusual to the Yao [see above] in heaven … In responding to the imperial decree, it is just correct that Chen use Qing character in writing the memorial; nevertheless, though Chen knew a little bit bit Qing character, over time my eyes have turn into weak and I’m muddle-headed, I can not write, plus Qing phrases’ development make no sense, if I’ve different individuals transcribing it, Chen will not be well-versed in its profound that means, truthfully I’m afraid the phrases and sentences will likely be improper. I additional ask in earnest for the imperial kindness, to let Chen to any extent further when presenting issues in memorials, to be allowed to nonetheless use the Han characters, to keep away from the crime of contradicting the multitude of widespread individuals.”

Kangxi’s remark: “Famous. These Han characters thou could not essentially ready to make use of both.” He was absolutely conscious that this army worker had restricted ink in his stomach, the memorial should have been written by different individuals, thereupon he mocked him a little bit bit. Afterwards he additionally didn’t anticipate to obtain memorials or native secret report written personally by him.